Artificial insemination

Arteficial Insemination, a method of inserting sperm into a woman's vagina, other than through sexual intercourse, so that she can become pregnant. There are two main types - arteficial insemination by partner or husband (AIP/AIH) and donor insemination (DI). AIP is used if the men has a norman sperm count but there is a problem with intercourse because of psychosexual difficulties, handicap or physical injury.

AIP is also done with stored sperms from a man who requires treatment such as chemotherapy that may make him sterile. If there is a slightly low sperm count, low volume is ejaculate or if the women's vaginal mucous is too acid, the sperm are placed in the upper vagina to give a best chance of pregnancy.

Donor insemination is used in cases where the woman's partner has too little sperm, carries the gene for a genetic disease that can be passed to his offspring, or has no live sperm. The donors are carefully screened to check that they are fertile, have no illness or infections such as Hepatitis or AIDS, no family history of genetic disease, and are mentally and emotionally stable.

Most clinics try to match the physical characteristics of the donor to those of the woman's infertile partner. Blood group and type, hair and eye color, intelligence, height and complexion may all be considered. Prospective parents may wish for a donor belonging to a particular ethnic or religious group. Donated semen is thoroughly tested for any potential infection and then frozen until required. Insemination is timed to coincide with ovulation in the woman, which is deduced from temperature and menstrual charts. In some cases, ovulation may be triggered by injections of fertility drugs. The vaginal walls are held apart by a speculum while the sperm are injected via the cervix with a small syringe or tube. Sperm may be delivered directly into the uterus in some cases. The woman lies down with her buttocks elevated for around 30 minutes or a cervical cap may be fitted to help the procedure.

Artificial insemination is generally carried out on the 12th and 14th day of a 28-day menstrual cycle for about 4 months. The pregnancy rate with fresh semen is 60- 70 per cent; with frozen semen it is approximately 55 per cent. Women with a history of pelvic disease, disorders of ovulation or endometriosis, and those aged over 30 have a lower success rate with artificial insemination.

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